The Japanese housing market is characterized by a large construction volume, rapid technological progress, fast depreciation of housing value, a thin secondary market, and low maintenance of existing properties. Legal and tax systems unintentionally encourage wealthy individuals to invest in studio apartments to rent out to young people living in urban areas. Thus, family housing is mainly available through ownership. The public sector played an important role in addressing housing shortages after World War II due to massive migration to large metropolitan areas.
The public housing finance program encouraged homeownership, while public and quasi-public rental units provided shelter to low- and middle-income households. The biggest challenge is a mismatch between housing stock and demographics in a rapidly aging and shrinking society, exemplified by vacant housing units.
Scarce land is the most fundamental factor defining the Japanese housing market. With a population of million, per capita habitable area is only square meters, compared with 19, square meters for the U. Urban area is further limited by land use regulations. Another factor is frequent and significant earthquakes. Between and , earthquakes of magnitude 6.
The national building code has been revised after every major earthquake. Rapid technological changes make old structures obsolete and their value depreciate fast. The revision is particularly significant, creating a qualitative difference in property value between buildings built before and after The third defining factor is a rapid change in housing stock, demographics, and lifestyle after WWII.
After millions of houses were burnt down during the war, there was a housing shortage of around 4. The first baby boom between and exacerbated the housing shortage.
Postwar housing construction consistently increased with rapid economic growth, with The economic and industrial system evolved to constantly supply the large construction volume that was frequently replacing older buildings.
During the postwar economic growth period, a large portion of the population migrated from rural areas to urban areas, especially to the Tokyo metropolitan area. This massive inter-region migration created a significant housing shortage in urban areas, especially during the s and s, alleviated in part by active public sector investments.
Newly constructed rental units are primarily multifamily properties that have non-wooden structures such as steel-reinforced concrete. Figure 1 depicts the occupied housing stock in Japan based on the HLS. The horizontal axis represents the number of units, and the vertical axis represents the average unit size in square meters. In the case of Japan, initial conditions were characterized by an exceptionally efficient use, by the international standards of the time, of very scarce natural resources, particularly in forestry and silviculture Totman ; Saito , In spite of their scarcity, natural assets played a critical role in the initial phase of Japanese economic transformation, in the late Tokugawa and early Meiji.
In this paper, we estimate the evolution of the comprehensive wealth, the total stock of assets per capita, which includes human and natural assets, and can be regarded as the most relevant indicator of sustainable well-being Dasgupta , We devise new methods for expanding the coverage to irrigation water, certain aspects of biodiversity, fish stocks, and informal human capital.
Estimation of the increase or decrease from the angle of the trend regression line for annual precipitation over the period of , after obtaining the arithmetic average for the annual precipitation of each region. Occurrence of Water Shortage Occurrence of Water Shortage Previously, Japan repeatedly experienced major water shortages; for example, in Lake Biwa, in the year of Tok yo Olympics, in Nagasaki, in Takamatsu, in Fukuoka, and so on. Though occurrence of water shortages has become rare in recent years the shortage in covered almost all Japan, when approximately 16 million people were affected at least once by suspended or reduced water supply, and agriculture suffered production losses of billion yen.
Effects of Water Shortage Modern society offers comfortable lifestyles and high quality servicesbased on stable water supply. Therefore, suspended or reduced water supply would have a serious impact oneveryday home life and social activities as it disables people from preparing meals, using flush toilets and doing other everyday activities.
Also, shortage of industrial water results in damages such as reduction or suspension of operations. These systems are designed to provide communities with information on evolving drought conditions using information from long-term seasonal weather-forecasts, temperature records, measured rainfall and evapotranspiration, and data on the levels of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and groundwater. If sufficient warning can be given, then mitigation procedures can be implemented, which may include: the institution of drought management plans, the pre-stocking of fresh water and food, the increase of water storage volumes by increasing lake and reservoir storage levels, encouraging the local storage of freshwater rainwater harvesting , encouraging local reductions in the use of fresh water and adaptation in the management of agricultural systems eg.
Local DMFS are likely to be run by government agencies, emergency responders or even local communities. Large scale DMFS also exist, the global agricultural drought monitoring and forecasting system is an example of such a system that can provide a provisional DMFS.
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Toggle navigation Think Hazard! Download PDF. Water scarcity Hazard level: Medium? Be aware that the hazard level provided by ThinkHazard! Further clarification of the local water scarcity may be required.
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